Equestrian jumping features a variety of obstacles that test the skill and agility of both horse and rider. Here are some of the key types of jumps used in competitions:
1. Arrowhead
Also known as chevrons, these triangular-shaped fences have their point facing downward. They are typically narrow, only a few feet wide, making it crucial for the rider to maintain a straight line between their hands and legs. Due to their narrowness, there’s a high risk of a run-out. Arrowhead fences are often combined with other obstacles, increasing the difficulty and testing the rider’s ability to regain control after navigating a challenge.
2. Bank
Banks are jumps that involve stepping up or down from one level to another, either as single jumps or in a “staircase” formation. Up banks require significant impulsion from the horse, while down banks involve a drop. Riders must position themselves appropriately over the horse: leaning back on down banks to absorb the landing’s shock, while remaining centered for up banks.
3. Bounce
A bounce, or no-stride jump, consists of two closely placed fences, requiring the horse to bounce between them without taking a full stride. The typical distances between fences vary based on the horse’s size, with 7–8 feet for small ponies and 9.5–11 feet for larger horses. This setup teaches balance, proper take-off technique, and can help slow down faster horses.
4. Brush Fence
Brush fences feature a solid base topped with brush, low enough for the horse to see over. The goal is for the horse to jump through the brush in a flat jump rather than a rounded arc. These fences are commonly seen in steeplechase racing as well.
5. Bullfinch
The bullfinch jump consists of a solid base with tall brush protruding up to six feet high. Riders must guide their horse through the brush, as the height obscures the landing from the horse’s view. Successfully navigating a bullfinch requires the horse’s trust in the rider, and it’s important to approach the jump positively with impulsion.
6. Coffin
Also referred to as rails-ditch-rails, the coffin is a combination fence where the horse jumps a set of rails, moves downhill into a ditch, and then jumps back uphill to another obstacle. The approach should be at a slow, impulsive canter—termed a “coffin canter”—allowing the horse time to assess the jump and avoid problems.
7. Combinations
Combinations consist of multiple jumps placed within 1–3 strides of each other. These jumps may include banks, logs, water, and ditches and must be navigated in a specific order. While common in show jumping and eventing, combinations are less frequently seen in hunt seat competitions.